Changes in Marriage

① There are several factors that influenced women during the Victorian（維多利亞的）age to marry. Many of them were a result of lack of choice. First we need to deal with education to understand why women married. Women were left uneducated in many areas of life. They had no control over their education and were only taught about domestic duties. Starting at a young age, they were taught that a woman should get married and have children. They were born, raised and educated to become wives and nothing else. A woman was not expected to work unless she was in the lower class and had no choice.

② The development from Victorian marriage to modern marriage was a slow process. In the 1960s, women began to exercise their power and freedom more publicly. Women began to marry for happiness. Women began to work more and more outside of the home, and during the war time when their husbands left to war, they were asked to take on more jobs that their husbands had left behind.

③ Beginning in the 1840s, a series of laws were passed that began to allow women in marriage to have a bit more control. In 1839 the Infant and Child Custody（監護）Act allowed women to take custody of their children under the age of seven if divorced or separated. In 1857, ordinary divorce was established in England through the Divorce Act. In 1870, the Married Women’s Property Act allowed for women to keep their earnings and even inherit personal properties and money. Slowly but surely, women were gaining control over themselves, their children and their possessions.

④ Divorce, unlike during the Victorian period, is a lot more acceptable. Now when a couple gets a divorce, the woman is more likely to get the custody of her children than the man. Divorce is now seen as a way to get out of marriage as a result of any type of unhappiness.

⑤ Women these days have a lot more control over their marriages than they used to. A woman is free to marry who she wants for the most part. She can choose to be married as well as have a career. If a woman is unable to have kids, there are many ways that would help her. Even choosing not to have kids is not looked down upon as it used to be.

Task 1 

16. Paragraph ①（ ）

17. Paragraph ②（ ）

18. Paragraph ③（ ）

19. Paragraph ④（ ）

20. Paragraph ⑤（ ）

 

Task 2

21. In Victorian age, a woman couldn’t work outside because of .

22. Women were taught to become wives from .

23. More women began to work outside of home during .

24. Slowly, women get more control over .

25. Modern women can freely choose to have .

 

A: Laws about marriage

B: Influences of marriage

C: Slow changes in marriage

D: More control over marriage

E: No choice about marriage

F: Divorce in modern marriage

A: no kids

B: no choice

C: lower class

D: a young age

E: the war time

F: their belongings    

Body Language

Body language is of great importance to humans. 26________ However, many forms of body language we consider to be fine in our country can get us into trouble in other parts of the world. 27________ While Americans smile freely at strangers, in Russia this is considered strange and even impolite. In Asian countries a smile isn’t necessarily an expression of joy but it can be used to express pain.

 28________ In Latin America and the Middle East the acceptable distance is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with. Hand and arm movements as a form of body language are also very different among countries. Handshakes are usually acceptable almost everywhere, even between strangers; however, kissing on the cheek and touching on the shoulder or other body parts aren’t. 29________ This is why you should not touch others easily. 30________ In America and Latin America looking the other person in the eye is a sign of respect. But in Asian countries, prolonged eye contact is especially rude, so you should try your best not to do that.

 

A: A smile is one of the most common examples in different countries.

B: The acceptable physical distance is another major difference.

C: Touching others is not accepted by most countries.

D: We carry many of the meanings through body movements.

E: For many people in Asia and other parts of the world, such actions are seen as a violation of one's personal space.

F: Eye contact is one of the forms of body language where the differences are most striking.

After the Civil War, there was a great demand in Britain for（ ）

• A、southern money

• B、signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin

• C、southern manuscripts and letters

• D、Civil War battle plans